Prism

 Prism 

 

Surveying or land surveying correctly points and the distances and angles between them to determine the position of the terrestrial or three-dimensional technology, profession and science, by general practice surveyors, and members of various engineering professions . These points are usually on the surface of the earth, and they often property such as land maps and boundaries for ownership, government or civil law required by the characteristics of the building or underground level corner location , or other such places purposes, is used to set the sale.

Surveyors mathematics (geometry and trigonometry), physics, engineering and using elements of the law. Surveying equipment total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, prisms's, 3D scanners, radio, handheld tablets, digital levels, and includes surveying software.

An alternative definition, Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) and the American Congress, Science, above, or below ground level points or physical and cultural details to determine the relative position of all necessary to measure is the art and described them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points or details. [Citation needed]

As alluded to above, the "land survey" is known as a particular type of surveying (also per ACSM) detailed study information collected through observation or inspection as, in the field, measurement, questionnaire, or legal instruments for research, planning, designing, and supporting the establishment of property boundaries and data analysis. Subdivision plats or maps, registered land surveys, judicial surveys, and space (as required by law or local ordinance) record and historical evidence, as well as certification surveys and land boundaries based on documents cadastral survey determination, including the re-establishment. Land surveying, mapping and related data such accumulation, construction layout surveys, precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and analysis of the survey data as the use of services may include associated.

Surveying (6,000 years ago) since the beginning of recorded history in the development of the human environment is a major factor. The planning and construction process is required in almost every form. The most familiar modern uses of the transportation, building and construction, communications, mapping, and land ownership are in the definition of legal boundaries.

Techometry surve

 Techometery survey

"immediate action" from the Greek), relative to other points on the Earth's surface, both horizontal and vertical positions without using a chain or tape are determined by the speed surveying is a system, or to a separate device.

Beautiful earth stood clear of obstructions and is not a theodolite, chain, and applying common methods of surveying tools are fairly satisfactory, but the ground is covered with bush, or once it is broken by ravines becomes extremely cumbersome. The slow and responsible enough range measurement error, leveling, too, though without serious loss of accuracy, speed is great harm in point.

Employed to mark a point in which, instead tacheometry Pole led to the introduction of these difficulties, a level similar to that of the staff used a staff. It is marked with foot heights, and the certificate in the form of tacheometer. As the previous azimuth angle is determined. Two staff well-defined points on the horizontal distance and the distance between them was known vertical angle, or a telescope diaphragm (reticle) i by two permanent stadium wires indicated by readings of staff or so is inferred. Height difference staff already achieved a certain point and the horizontal distance from depression or elevation angle is calculated. All measurements tacheometer staff to hold such a man without any help after the device are determined by an observer is the center point of where to find a point in both vertical and horizontal necessary.

Professional measurement nowadays usually done using total stations and data collectors are recorded using as Western countries, tacheometry, mainly historical interest in the survey. The location using GNSS positions are determined. Traditional methods and tools used in many areas of the world and mainly by users who are not Surveyors are still.

Chain surveying

Chain surveying

 Gunter measure or surveyor's measure also known as) Gunter's chain used for the survey is a tool of the geodetic measurements. Gunter (1581-1626) was launched in 1620 by.

Gunter 100 links used a real measuring chain. These, China and Link, have become their own units.

Contents

      1 Description
      Method 2
      3 units of length
      4 Similar measuring chains
      5 See also
      6 References
      7 External links

Description
1 Gunter's chain = SI units
20.12 m 2,012 cm
US customary / Imperial Units
22.00 66.00 feet YD
1 Gunter link = SI units
0.2012 mm 201.2 mm
US customary / Imperial Units
0.6600 to 7,920 feet

Intermediate chain simplification measure by the brass rings marked off in groups of 10 to 100 links, is divided into. 10 links each link to slightly less than 6 feet 8 inches, with 7.92 inches are. Full length is 66 feet of chain. A square link exactly one hundred thousandth of an acre and a square one ten thousandth of China or is it 0,0404685642 m². It is about 62¾ inches square.

Measured 10 square chains to an acre Gunter system, since the entire process of measuring the traditional English measure, No. 4, and No. 10 on the basis of the decimal system based on the newly introduced: Gunter's chain of two seemingly incompatible systems decimalized calculated between chains and links, and then dividing the result by 10 acres can be replaced by [1]
Method

Gunter's chain of other parcels of land surveying a field or method first to determine the corners and other important places, and then take the two points at a time, to measure the distance between them. Chainman is assisted by a surveyor. From A stick (usually a noticeable colored wooden poles) is placed in the ground at the point of destination. The chain is laid out in the direction of the rod starting from the start point, and the surveyor then chainman to make perfectly straight chain guide and direct pointing stick out. The forward end of the series a pin is put in the ground, and it is at this point last end, and China to the destination point is extended again, so that the chain is moved forward . This process is called by, or in the US, chaining, surveyor many full length (chains) that has been placed on how the notes destination rod, is repeated until it is reached, and then the how many links in the distance being measured (a hundredth part of China) can read.

The whole process needs to be repeated for all pairs of points are others, and the land plot is a simple matter to make a scale diagram. The process is surprisingly accurate and requires only very little technology. It is at ground level and continuous-eg physical or major waterways throughout the recession, if not practicable, surveying a chain is simple. The ground plane triangulation method (slope not significantly different) requires that. On sloping ground, the chain needed undulations shown by the increase in the length or area that did not drain, an increase by the end of "leveled" had to be. [2]
Unit of length

Gunter's chain in the steel tape, (a form of tape measure) was superseded by it, the legacy of 66 feet (or 100 links) are measured the length of the chain in a new unit was. [3] This unit still exists as a British railway, as well as Australia and the United States location identifier in some areas. In the United States, for example, a two-year public land survey plats maintain the consistency of the database are published in series unit.

Other length in some places, for example in Ireland, Scotland 8.928 inch (CA. 0,227 m) and 10.08 inches (ca. 0.256 m) have been used. [Citation needed]

Just a chain length of a cricket pitch (22 yards) is. [4]
Measuring chains similar

A similar system of low popularity,, Ramsden US or China consists of 100 links engineered systems, each foot (0.3048 m) long

Less common Rathborn system, from the 17th century, two bars (33 feet, 10.0584 m) length is based on a 200 link chain. Each rod (perch) which make it ten seconds (") called 100 links, (1.98 inch, 50.292 mm each), consisting of a prime (', 19.8 inch, 0.503 m). [5]

Vincent Wing 9.90 inches links, most commonly 40 chains chains with links to 33 ft half. Sometimes these chains American colonies, particularly in Pennsylvania was used

Distance meter

Distance meter

Distance meter is a modern surveying instrument . it is used for measuring the distance on different places . distance meter is a comfortable instruments. on that places we are measuring the angle with theodolite or total station we can find the angle and distance with these instruments . but we can measure the distance with distance meter perfectlly . distance meter is used on tripod stand . if total station is set on the tripod stand so we can saperete the part of upper totalstation . the range of measuring the distance meter 3600 meter . most part of distance meter 

Distance meter parts

tripod stand 

cross staf

knob

right left slow motion 

buble tube 

foxing screw

eye peice

data cable place 

battr place 

electronic distance machine 

clinometer survey

 Clinometer survey

clinometer are Using is a forester uses basic trigonometry. The first observer to the object a straight-line distance from the observation point A to D initiatives. Then, clinometer using, the observer measures the angle between the O and object. Between the object and the observer O and B is the same angle. D multiplied by the tangent of an observer is above the height of the object, and the object depth of the observer by the tangent b. Of course the object of adding the total height (H) is.

At a fixed distance from the base of the tree stand. In the United States the most common distance of 50 feet (15.24 meters), 66 feet (20.12 meters), and the speed of the tape measure distance distance is best to use to get accurate readings. For the most accurate readings less than the height of the tree being measured is best to use a distance, the clinometer an angle less than 45 ° (100%) will measure, is.

Observer sites to the top of the tree, measure the total height if desired. Merchantable height measurement is desired - that is, the height of the wood produced can be sold - there is no more merchantable timber tree to a point at which the observer sites. Expressed as a percentage of the observer should note that the slopes. The observer then using percents, down the steps. Observer to the top of the tree lends, and the trees trimmed down the slope. When the ground slopes down, tree based observer will record a negative slope remember. To the top of the tree is subtracted from the slope, it is actually being added. Their distance from the tree then divided by the number 100, and are multiplied.

There is the distance measured along the ground because of some error, is still, and the horizontal distance is not. Standing on tree, observer of his / her mark on the surface of the eye. He stood back, and the slope is expressed as a degree. Is the slope of the land. Taking the cosine of this number, and multiply by the number, the observer will calculate the height of the tree.

The tree is leaning left or right so that the observer must always measure a leaning tree. Measure because it will affect their accuracy because of foreshortening tree leaning toward or away from the observer should not be taken together.

clinometer percent of the general area to shield used by wildlife. This measurement is based on the principles described above, the trigonometric. Measuring slope, however, both observer and target a constant height above the ground requires that, in such a range pole or measurement (HIV) stick is used to measure the height of the slope.
Accuracy
Circa 1918 with Vickers machine gun indirect fire capability designed to enable Clinometer
Digital protractor
2-Axis Digital Inclinometer from Digi-Pas
Let the clinometer
Simple clinometer
Mechanical spirit level with micrometer adjustment is clinometer

Some very sensitive electronic inclinometer sensor 0.0001 degrees can get an output resolution - technology and depending on the angle range, it may be limited to 0.01º. Electronic inclinometers accuracy - (gross mistake which) the right or the accuracy of the inclinometer sensor, however, zero offset and sensitivity of sensors, sensor linearity, hysteresis's, repeatability, and zero and sensitivity temperature drifts in the first set it can be a combination of sensor and depending on the situation usually requires .01º to 2º ±. Room ambient conditions generally linear specification is limited to the accuracy sensors.

Land survey service

 Land survey service

Technically minded General Practice Surveyors in the UK as a profession, a group that emerged in the 1970s. [2] Building surveying within the UK and Australia is a recognized profession. Mitigation / Surveyor jobs at all levels of the construction industry due to the risk factors. In particular, the mass. It is widely recognized as a profession is, where there are still many countries. Start Building Surveyors wide, but the services include: [citation needed]

      Architectural design and building work
      Project Management and Monitoring
      Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 under the CDM coordinator
      Property legislation Advisor
      Insurance assessment and claims assistance
      Defect investigation and restoration consultant
      Building surveys and measured surveys
      Planning applications handling
      Inspection of the building regulations to ensure compliance with
      Undertaking pre-acquisition surveys
      Negotiating dilapidations claims [3]

Building Surveyors includes advice on many aspects of construction: [citation needed]

      Design
      Restoration
      Repair
      Refurbishment
      Restoration

Public sector clients could be a building surveyor, local authorities, government departments and private sector organizations as well as architects, planners, homeowners and tenants groups work together. Building Surveyor to work as an expert witness may be called for. To become a member of a professional organization developed training before beginning to start a recognized degree qualification is usual for building surveyors. Chartered building surveyors, these courses accredited by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors said. Building Surveyor members of other professional organizations that CIOB, ABE, HKIS and RICS are included.

With the expansion of the European community, chartered building surveyor profession more widely in other European states, is becoming known in France in particular. [Citation needed] Chartered Building Surveyors, many English speaking people where to buy second homes. [Clarification needed]
Land surveyors discrimination

United States, Canada, United Kingdom and most Commonwealth countries land surveying is considered a specific profession. Land surveyors and professional associations have their own licensing requirements. With boundary lines drawn inside the services of a licensed land surveyor general, boundary surveys (using the legal description of the parcel boundaries of a set) and plan of subdivision (a parcel of land based on a survey of a plot or map are required for large parcels of new boundary lines and roads) indicated creation.