Topographical survey

 Topographical survey

The term topography originated in ancient Greece and a detailed description of the place, as in ancient Rome continued. The word comes from the Greek words τόπος (topos, "place") and -γραφία (-graphia, "writing"). In classical literature refers to a place or places to write about, now largely "local is called history. In the UK and Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense.

Britain (starting in the late eighteenth century) were called Ordnance Survey detailed reconnaissance and topographic surveys and maps for the term commonly used in the 20th century. The earliest scientific surveys in France were called the Cassini maps produced four generations of his family over. [Citation needed] The term "topographic surveys" appears to be American in origin. The earliest detailed survey in the United States during the war of 1812, the "Army of the Topographical Bureau" was carried out by Topographical Engineers in 1838. which became the core National Mapping was assumed by the US Geological Survey in 1878, the term detailed topographical survey and mapping as a general term for programs, and standards as adopted by most other countries have been.

In the 20th century, the term topography mapping in a broader sense, especially in medical fields such as neuroscience, is used, the level of detail in other areas began to be used to .

Topography methods

There are a variety of approaches to study the topography. Which to use the method (s) the scale and size of the area under study, its accessibility, and depending on the quality of the current survey.

Direct Survey

In Germany, a survey point
Main article: survey

Surveying accurately the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distance helps determine and such theodolites, dumpy level and leveling devices using clinometers as the angle between them.

On one of the first topographic maps of Italy's Giovanni Domenico Cassini, who started his life, the great Italian astronomer, was launched in France by.

Many remote sensing data collection process has accelerated, and long-distance control, allowing greater accuracy, although direct survey still manual or GIS-based, it works for all topographic control points and provides the basic framework.

A comprehensive survey and mapping program directly (for example, continental Europe and the United States, most) have been areas where the compiled data such as USGS DEM data forms the basis of the digital elevation data. These data eliminate inconsistencies between the survey to "clean" will be required, but it is still widely used for the analysis forms a valuable set of information.

Topographic survey of the US (or British "Ordnance" surveys) not only recording of relief, but the identification of historic properties and ground cover plants involved.

Remote sensing

Remote sensing at a distance from the subject area is a general term for geodata collection.